@article {648671,
	title = {Off Pitch: Football{\textquoteright}s financial integrity weaknesses, and how to strengthen them},
	year = {2016},
	abstract = {Men{\textquoteright}s professional football is the biggest sport in the world, producing (by our estimate) US $33 billion a year. All is not well in the sector, however, with regular scandals raising questions about the role of money in the sport. The 2015 turmoil around FIFA is obviously the most well known example, creating a crisis in confidence in the sector. This study examines these questions, and the financial integrity weaknesses they reveal; it also offers ideas to strengthen the weaknesses.
The study argues that football{\textquoteright}s financial integrity weaknesses extend far beyond FIFA. These weaknesses have emerged largely because the sector is dominated by a small elite of clubs, players and owners centered in Europe{\textquoteright}s top leagues. The thousands of clubs beyond this elite have very little resources, constituting a vast base of {\textquoteleft}have-nots{\textquoteright} in football{\textquoteright}s financial pyramid. This pyramid developed in recent decades, fuelled by concentrated growth in new revenue sources (like sponsorships, and broadcasting). The growth has also led to increasingly complex transactions{\textemdash}in player transfers, club ownership and financing (and more){\textemdash}and an expansion in opportunities for illicit practices like match-fixing, money laundering and human trafficking. We argue that football{\textquoteright}s governing bodies {\textendash} including FIFA {\textendash} helped establish this pyramid.
We explore the structural weaknesses of this pyramid by looking at five pillars of financial integrity (using data drawn from UEFA, FIFA, clubs, primary research, and interviews).
In the first pillar of Financial Transparency and Literacy we find that a vast majority of the world{\textquoteright}s clubs and governing bodies publish no financial data, leaving a vast dark space with no transparency.
In the second pillar of Financial Sustainability we estimate that a majority of global clubs and governing bodies are at {\textquoteleft}medium to high risk{\textquoteright} of financial failure.
We find, additionally, that European tax debts have grown despite Financial Fair Play, and confederations and FIFA contribute to a pattern of weak Fiscal Responsibility.
We then create a new metric of Financial Concentration and find that the football sector is at {\textquoteleft}high risk{\textquoteright} of over-concentration, which poses existential questions for many clubs and even leagues.
In the final pillar of Social Responsibility and Moral Reputation, we find that football{\textquoteright}s governing bodies face a crisis of legitimacy stemming from a failure to tackle moral turpitude, set standards and regulate effectively. We suggest a set of reforms to re-structure FIFA in particular, separating its functions and stressing its regulatory role.},
	author = {Matt Andrews and Peter Harrington}
}
